Macromolecules

1. Draw the functional groups for alcohols, carboxylic acids, and amines.

2. Most carbohydrates eaten by humans are in which two forms? (sugar and starch)

3. What is the function of starch and glycogen? (carbohydrate storage in plants and animals)

4. What process splits polysaccharides into monosaccharides? (hydrolysis)

5. The formation of a disaccharide from two monosaccharides is a reaction called . (dehydration synthesis)

6. Which common polysaccharide cannot be used by humans as an energy source? Explain. (cellulose; β 1➝4 links can’t be hydrolyzed)

7. Which one of the following molecules is a disaccharide

a) cellulose (b) glycogen *(c) maltose (d) amylase

8. Foods that we call fibre contain large amounts of _________, a polysaccharide. (cellulose)

9. Why is fibre considered to be an important part of a healthy diet? (fills colon)

10. Name the building blocks of triglycerides. (glycerol and 3 fatty acids)

11. How does the structure of an unsaturated fatty acid differ from the structure of a saturated fatty acid? (unsaturated has double bonds) Give an example of a food that contains each.

12. Explain why some fatty acids are solid at room temperature while others are liquid. (solid - sat’d - straight)

13. Why are animal fats solid while plant fats are liquid? (animals produce saturated lipids; plants, unsaturated)

14. When you consume more food than you need for energy, the excess is stored in the form of lipids. Why are lipids particularly useful for this purpose? (store 2x the energy of carbs)

15. What property do all lipids share? How does this make them ideal for building cell membranes? (hydrophobic; amphipathic nature makes them form a bilayer)

16. Saturated is to single bond as _______ is to double bond. (unsaturated)

17. Describe the functions of lipids in cells. (energy storage, steroids, membranes)

18. Why is a protein called a polypeptide? (many amino acids joined by peptide bonds)

19. Explain how the 3-dimensional shape of proteins is formed. (interactions between amino acids)

20. Explain the difference between a dipeptide, polypeptide, and a protein. (dipeptide - two amino acids; polypeptide - many amino acids; protein - correct shape)

21. A peptide bond is always formed between the ____ group of one _____ and the _____ group of the next. (amino, amino acid, carboxyl)

22. Using a structural formula diagram, show how a peptide bond is formed between two amino acids.

23. Discuss one type of interaction that can occur between the R groups of an amino acid sequence.

24. What makes one amino acid differ from another? (R group)

25. How does having different R groups make amino acids ideal building blocks for proteins? (different R groups can function in different environments and form different intereactions)

26. Why are some amino acids soluble in water while others are not? (polar vs. non-polar R groups)

27. Name three functions of proteins in a living organism.

28. Which of these things is not like the others?

a) fiber (b) sugar (c) starch (d) cellulose *(e) fat

29. Which elements are found in proteins but in neither carbohydrates nor lipids. (N, S) Which element is found in nucleic acids but in neither carbohydrates nor proteins? (P)

30. Name the basic building blocks for each of the following molecules:

a) Protein _____ (amino acids) (b) Triglyceride _____ (glycerol, fatty acids) (c) Carbohydrate _____ (monosaccharide) (d) Nucleic acids _____ (nucleotides)

31. Proteins are to amino acids as polysaccharides are to . (monosaccharides)

32. What are the three components of the building blocks of nucleic acids? (5-C sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base)